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Ramesh Verma ¹, Meena ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Varun ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, IN

Abstract

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Anuradha ¹, Jagbir Malik ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Babita ¹, H. Raghavendra ¹, Shweta Goswami ¹, Mukesh Nagar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, Pt. BD Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children. With the introduction of measles vaccine in national programme since 1985, the disease burden has reduced. Coverage of the 1st dose of measles is 69.6% as per DLHS-3 survey. In the field conditions measles vaccine efficacy is 85% when given at 9 months of age and approximately 95% when given at >12 months of age. After second dose it becomes 99%. So India is conducting Measles Catch-up Campaign from 14 November to 15 December as supplementary activity as a part of global effort to reduce measles morbidity and mortality (MDG4). Rapid assessment of measles catch-up campaign in a rural block of Haryana. A cross sectional study was conducted in block Lakhanmajra of Rohtak district comprising of 24 villages. Fourty children were assessed randomly, twenty each, from every village and randomly selected school of that village by using standard WHO format for measles rapid assessment form 24.Assessment was done one day after the complete immunisation of that area. Total 1160 children (aged 9 month to 10 yrs) were assessed. A total of 66 children (5.69%) were found to be non-vaccinated, out of which 26 (2.24%)were male and 40 (3.45%)were female. The number of unvaccinated children found in schools were almost double (3.88%) of those found in homes(1.81%), and the difference was found to be statistically significant. the most common reason found by house to house survey was that, the child was out of station followed by unawareness of the campaign, while the most common reason at school was absence from school followed by needle phobia and other reasons. Altogether it is a successful programme. More attention should be focused towards better coverage in schools.

Keywords

Measles, Catchupcompaign, Immunisation.

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Vinod Kumar ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Garima Shivhare ¹, Mukesh Nagar ², Pooja ³, Poonam Rani ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
2 Senior Resident AIIMS, Delhi, IN
3 Medical Officer HCMS, IN
4 Psychologist Rohtak, IN

Abstract

In 1985, there were estimated 2 lakh polio cases in the country in the wake of which polio vaccine was universalized and integrated in the universal immunization programme for administration across the country. In 1995, when pulse polio programme was launched, there were still an estimated 50,000 polio cases in the country. In 2005, the NPSP conducted independent verification of VE using field epidemiology, for the first time, and re-discovered that 3 doses of t OPV provided protection to no more than 30% of children against WPV types 1 and 3.

Keywords

Polio Eradication,immunization Programme

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Vinod Chayal ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Pooja ², Anuradha ³, Mukesh Nagar ⁴, Shweta Goswami ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
2 Medical Officer, Health Department, Haryana, IN
3 Indian Army, IN
4 VMMC and Safadarjang Hospital, New Delhi, IN
5 Department of Community, Medicine KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, IN

Abstract

Influenza Subtype A has caused various pandemics; in 1918-19 Spanish flu [A (H1N1)], Asian Flu [A (H2N2)] 1957-59, Hongkong Flu [A (H3N2)] 1968-69 and "Swme Flu" [A (H1N1)] 2009-10. H1N1 flu virus causes respiratory illness in people, affecting the nose, throat and lungs. Influenza can be transmitted through airborne route by droplets from infected human beings or direct contact or contact with fomites. Agent H1N1 influenza derives Segments from four influenza viruses; North American Swine, North American Avian, Human Influenza and Eurasian Swine. Pigs Infected with Influenza virus from different host of human or bird origin may act as "mixing vessel" which may lead to reassortment of influenza genes and can create a new strain of influenza virus. Subtype A of Influenza virus can Undergo mutation that can take place within the genome (Antigenic drift) / or reassortment among the genetic materials of subtypes (Antigenic Shift) resulting in a new virus. Antigenic analyses of the recent circulating A (H3N2) viruses have shown differences from the A (H3N2) virus used in the influenza vaccines for 20142015. Recently, countries in Northern Africa, Middle East, and India reported an increase in influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 activity The predominant stain in western countries has been seasonal influenza A (H3N2)where as in India the California stam of 2009 is prevailing. It has been reported that the recent 2014-2015 H1N1 A outbreak in India has resulted in >30,000 cases with over 2000 deaths. These recent spurt of cases and deaths which was even higher than the original H1N1 2009 outbreak in India resulted in a widespread debate that this stain H1N1 A 2009 has mutated or not. Improved surveillance and monitoring of the influenza outbreaks need of the hour to both treat as well as prevent spread of the virus. Due to better connectivity world over and high infectious nature of influenza, there is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive and a standardized response to influenza epidemic outbreaks. There is a need of genetic and phenotypic analysts of the virus as and when cases are reported world over and general dissemination of the data is needed to ensure access to this data source in case of any outbreak.

Keywords

Swine Flu, Influenza, Infection.

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Avneet Singh ¹, Ramesh Verma ², Pardeep Khanna ², Suraj Chawla ², Shankar Prinja ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine CMC, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Community Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
3 School of Public Health PGIMER, Chandigarh, IN

Abstract

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are potentially exposed to blood and body fluids (BBF) in the course of their work and therefore are at risk of infection with blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses. Worldwide, three million HCWs experience percutaneous exposure to blood-borne viruses each year (two million hepatitis B, 900,000 hepatitis C and 300,000 human immunodeficiency virus). Exposure to BBF can occur through: percutaneous injury (needle-stick injury, NSI) or mucocutaneous incident (BBF splash), to assess the knowledge, risk perception and compliance with universal precautions among health care functionaries. Cross sectional type. Rural block Ben of Jhajjar district. 118 government health functionaries. Government health functionaries. The study was a cross sectional type and earned out in a rural block Bert of Jhajjar district. The present study shows about one third (37.4%) health functionaries in health the centres were multipurpose health worker (female), while 14.7% were medical officers. The present study recorded maximum compliance with universal precautions was no needle recap among 90.5% doctors while same compliance among no needle recaps among 79.4% paramedical staffs. Although compliance with universal precautions for correct disposal among doctors was 80.9% while compliance with universal precautions for correct disposal was 35.4% among paramedical staffs. The study concluded that there should be education and training of health care personnel to develop awareness of the health, safety and environmental issues relating to health care waste and how these can affect employees in their daily work must become a routine and regular activity

Keywords

Knowledge, Risk Perception, Health, Functionaries.

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Varan Arora ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Ramesh Verma ¹, S. L. Arora ², Ramesh Verma ³, Sat Pal ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, Pt.B.D. Sharma PGIMS,Rohtak, IN
2 Department of Mechanical Drawing, Aravali College of Engineering and Management, Faridabad, IN
3 CHC Chiri, Haryana Civil Medical Services, IN
4 Department of Physiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, IN

Abstract

Over the past two decades, health care waste has been identified as one of the major problems that have negative impact on both human health and environment. Information on generation rate provides a basis for the design of an operation, control programs, recycling and processing plants, wastes disposal projects and the choice of most effective disposal alternative. The objective of the study was to study Generation, Quantification and Composition of Biomedical Waste generated in hospitals in Faridabad Dist.of Haryana. The study was conducted from Feb 2006 to Jan 2007.There were more than 234 clinics/hospitals (Registered with Faridabad Pollution Board) and having more than 2400 beds in Faridabad hospitals. Data of various health care units was collected from an authorized private company collected waste generated at hospitals daily&from Haryana Pollution Control Board Faridabad (HPCBF). Field observation and surveys were conducted to analyze segregation of waste. Waste generated by different hospitals at Faridabad is different, varying from 1.17 kg/bed/day to 2.20 kg/bed/day. Infectious waste is 14% to 23.3 % of the total hospital waste. Non-infectious waste increases almost linear with infectious waste, and there is strong correlation between these two types of waste, with coefficient of correlation as 0.79. The generation rate of hospital waste varies with the bed occupancy rate. Private hospitals produce more hospital waste as compared to Govt, hospitals. Waste generation depends on various factors such as type of health care establishment, hospital specialties, proportion of reusable and disposal items, implementation of national and hospital waste management policy. Biomedical waste management regulations need to be implemented strictly so that appropriate and uniform disposal of Hospital waste is ensured.

Keywords

Biomedical Waste, Generation, Quantification, Composition.

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Vinod Chayal ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Srishti Singh ¹, Shweta Goswami ², Anuradha ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Community Medicine, ESI- PGIMSR, Kolkata, IN
3 Department of Community Medicine, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, IN

Abstract

The world's population reached 7.3 billion in mid 2015 and is projected to increase by more than one billion people within the next 15 years, reaching 8.5 billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. 60% of the global population lives in Asia (4.4 billion). China (1.4 billion) and India (1.3 billion) remain the two most populous countries of the world, representing 19 and 18 percent of the world's population, respectively though India has only 2.4% of the world's land mass. Within seven years, the population of India is expected to surpass that of China1. In the year 2011, India had a population of 1.21 billion but what was alarming to note was that Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India (199 millions) had a population greater than Brazil which is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of its land area2. In 1951 and 2011, IMR was 146 and 50 respectively and so was TFR at 6 and 2.4 respectively clearly supporting mother and child health services as being the pillar stones for curbing the menace of population in our country. The high fertility could also be the result of India's high unmet need for family planning (12.8%) and lower contraceptive usage by the eligible couples (56.3% were using any method of family planning while 48.5% were using any modern method).7 The solution lies not only in contraceptive technology but in attempts to deal with the problems of ill-heath and disease in the country. Many measures were adopted in last one century to control population. This paper highlights various measures adopted for population control and reasons for their success or failure.

Keywords

Population Control, TFR, Family Planning, Population Growth, Critical Review, Strategies.

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Bhanwar Singh ¹, B. M. Vashisht ¹, Pardeep Khanna ¹, Meely Panda ¹, Meenakshi Kalhan ¹, Ramesh Verma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Poor hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions play major roles in the increased burden of communicable diseases within developing countries. In India, the concept of personal hygiene is intermixed with several ritual ideas and traditions. However, it needs to be practiced properly by individuals alone who assume personal responsibility. There should be a motto to guide every one to follow and practice that 'cleanliness is next to godliness', which is taught to a child even from primary school days. Good personal hygiene usually means those measures a person takes to keep his skin and its appendages such as his hair, finger nails and toe nails and his teeth and mouth clean and in good condition This study was undertaken among 269 students of 5th to 12th classes. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of hygiene among rural school children in Chiri block of Haryana and assessed the extent to which proper knowledge of hygiene was associated with personal hygiene characteristics. Approximately 52% of students were found as having adequate knowledge of proper hygiene. Most students reported hand washing before meals (89.0%), but only 36.2% reported using soap. Although 76.7% of students reported that washing hands after defecation was important, only 14.8% reported actually following this practice. Study findings underscore the need for more hand washing and hygiene education in schools; and provide objective evidence that may guide the development of comprehensive health and hygiene intervention programs in rural schools. Successful implementation of these programs is likely to substantially attenuate the transmissible disease burden borne by school children in rural settings.

Keywords

Hygiene, Hand Washing, School Children, Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices.

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